Not all Open Access networks look the same. Around the world, three main models have emerged — each with its own strengths depending on funding, market conditions, and operational goals:
Retail Open Access
How it works: Multiple ISPs compete directly for end-users on shared infrastructure.
Benefits: Maximizes consumer choice and drives prices down — but requires strong automation to manage complexity.
Where it’s seen: Common in Sweden and growing in U.S. municipal builds.
Wholesale Open Access
How it works: ISPs buy wholesale capacity and deliver services under their own brands.
Benefits: Easier to manage and reduces overbuilds, though it can limit competition.
Where it’s seen: Popular with investor-backed operators in the U.S.
Neutral Host / Multi-Tenant
How it works: An independent entity owns the infrastructure, enabling multiple ISPs or retail brands to coexist.
Benefits: Great for scale, M&A strategies, and long-term investment.
Where it’s seen: Gaining traction across North America.